Miracle at Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention
James Madison, Father of the Constitution
I. The Setting of the Philadelphia Convention
A) Early decision to re-write, rather than tinker with the Articles
of Confederation
B) Open agreement secretly arrived at--Washington's plea
C) Intent of the Convention
1) Economic --Charles Beard--protect property rights and make America
safe from democracy.
2) Idealistic--make a perfect Union
3) Pragmatic--dealing with the question of sovereignty. Placing common
interests over regional or personal concerns.
II. The Participants
A. 55 delegates from 12 states
1) Young (average age 42), professional (over half were lawyers), men
of economic substance
2) Many were Revolutionary War veterans
3) Absent: Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, other Revolutionary War
heroes.
B. Key Participants
1) Washington--president of the convention
2) Madison--researched every previous republic
a) Large republic is not only possible, it's preferred
b) Popularly elected officials with sovereignty in the hands of the
people, not the states
3) Franklin--81 years old. The steadying influence
III. The Compromises
A. Great Compromise (bicameral legislature representing both people
and states)
1. Virginia Plan or Large States Plan(Edmund Randolph)
2. New Jersey Plan (William Patterson)
a) Congress with each state having l vote
b) separate executive and judicial branches
c) increased powers of Congress
3. Great Compromise
a) Lower house membership dependent on population
b) Upper house with two members from each state
c) All revenue bills must begin in lower house
B. Three-Fifths Compromise (60% of slaves counted for representation and
taxation; no Congressional interference with slavery for 20 years)
1. Non-slavery states wanted slaves counted for taxation, but not representation
and wanted an end to importation of slaves
2. Slave states wanted slaves counted for representation, but not taxation
and no interference with slave trade by the federal government
C. Commerce Compromise (no tax on exports, simple majority needed to pass
commerce bills)
1. Cotton and tobacco producing states wanted restriction of taxes
on exports and all commerce bills to be passed by a two-thirds vote of
Congress
2. Northern industrial states wanted federal tariffs to keep up out
cheaper European products and raise revenues for the government.
IV. Ratification
A. Because of fear of opposition from states, only 9 of the 13 were
needed for the Constitution to take effect
B. Because of opposition from state legislatures, conventions elected
by the people were given authority to approve or reject Constitution.
C. Federalists vs. Antifederalists
1) Most Federalists were wealthy and well-educated andsought the creation
of a more powerful central government
2) Most Antifederalists were farmers who were loyal primarily to their
state governments
D. Federalist Papers--most influential political literature of the time
E. Promise of Bill of Rights added to the Constitution helped persuade
opponents to ratify it.
Please cite this source when appropriate:
Feldmeth, Greg D. "U.S. History Resources"
http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/USHistory.html (31 March 1998).
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